Results of the plant breeding program of Theobroma cacao Lin in Cuba
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Abstract
The plant breeding program for cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Cuba, initiated in 1991, sought to increase productivity, disease resistance and crop quality, given the limited genetic information available and the need to optimize local and introduced genetic resources. The objective was to identify and select superior genotypes through the introduction of foreign clones, the prospecting of national materials and controlled hybridization. More than 240 genotypes were evaluated in terms of morphological, agronomic and quality characteristics, using qualitative and quantitative descriptors. The results showed variability in the number of seeds per fruit, wet weight and cotyledon color, identifying genotypes with high productive potential. In addition, 173 genotypes were classified according to their resistance to Phytophthora palmivora, highlighting 62 resistants and 33 moderately resistants. Fermentation indices higher than 1.10 and fat percentages higher than 45% confirmed the quality of the beans. 90 self-compatible genotypes were identified, essential for optimizing production. The program managed to market hybrid seeds and improved clones, contributing to the sustainability and competitiveness of Cuban cocoa. It was concluded that genetic selection is essential to improve the productivity and resistance of the crop.
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