Genetic parameters in fruits for obtaining F1 hybrid parents of cocoa (Theobroma cacao Lin.)
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Abstract
Global cocoa production faces challenges related to genetic variability and the need to improve crop quality and yield. This study aimed to determine the genetic parameters in cocoa fruits and seeds (Theobroma cacao L.) to select parents in F1 hybrid crosses. Four cocoa clones were used, performing 12 combinations of crosses, including self-fertilization, simple and reciprocal crosses. The fruits were characterized by measurements of mass, size and number of seeds, among other parameters. 16 genotypes were evaluated in a completely randomized design with two replications. The results showed additive and dominance inheritance patterns, with significant maternal and reciprocal effects on traits such as cocoa pulp mass, number of seeds and average mass of a seed. The genotypes ‘UF-650’ and ‘GS-29’ stood out as male parents to improve cocoa pulp and fruit mass, while ‘IMC-67’ was optimal to increase the number of seeds. Hybrid combinations ‘GS-29 x Pound-12’ and ‘UF-650 x Pound-12’ showed high potential due to heterosis values. It was concluded that proper selection of parents and hybrid combinations is crucial to maximize cocoa yield and quality. Genotypes ‘UF-650’, ‘GS-29’ and ‘IMC-67’ are promising for genetic improvement programs, highlighting the importance of maternal and reciprocal effects on phenotypic expression.
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References
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